Car Shipping Costs vs DIY Shipping: Which Is Cheaper?

Car shipping is often a crucial aspect of vehicle relocation that can impact the overall cost and convenience for both individuals and businesses. With numerous options available—from professional car shipping services provided by companies like Ship a Car, Inc., to self-managed, DIY shipping approaches—understanding the underlying factors driving costs is essential. This comprehensive article evaluates various elements that influence car shipping expenses, including shipping distance, vehicle size and weight, seasonal demand, and the costs related to professional and DIY methods. Car owners and businesses alike face the challenge of balancing the need for safety, timeliness, and price when transporting a vehicle. The purpose of this article is to dissect these aspects, explore how auto transport is priced, and provide actionable insights to help you decide whether professional car shipping or DIY shipping is the more cost-effective solution based on your unique situation.

Both professional and DIY shipping methods come with inherent risk factors, cost differences, and potential hidden fees. While professional services offer advantages such as insurance coverage, dedicated customer support, and reliable pricing models, they also incorporate fees that might be higher than a do-it-yourself approach. Conversely, DIY shipping might appear less expensive upfront, but hidden costs—including trailer rental, fuel, and the potential for increased wear and tear—can affect the final expense. This guide will deeply examine these facets, highlight their practical implications, and offer guidance on how to reduce overall expenses without compromising safety or delivery time.

Moreover, the role of online tools, such as auto shipping cost calculators and transport cost estimators, cannot be understated, as they provide estimations based on variables like journey mileage, vehicle weight, and shipping method. This article will also illustrate how to effectively use these calculators to compare shipments and obtain the best value for money. It is intended for individuals and businesses looking to transport their vehicles across the country, ensuring that every aspect from logistics and pricing to hidden risks is clearly understood. With Ship a Car, Inc. leading the market through reliable services, this article serves as both an educational resource and a decision-making aid in the world of car shipping.

In summary, by the end of this article, readers will have an all-inclusive understanding of the factors that determine car shipping expenses, be able to navigate professional car shipping costs vs DIY shipping debate with greater confidence, and know how to leverage online cost calculators effectively. This knowledge ultimately empowers you to choose the best approach for safely shipping your vehicle in a manner that is both financially and operationally sound.

• Car shipping costs are influenced by distance, vehicle characteristics, seasonal demand, and shipping method.
• DIY shipping may lower upfront fees but can incur hidden costs and risks compared to professional services.
• Professional car shipping offers reliability, enhanced insurance coverage, and customer support.
• Comparison through online auto transport cost calculators is essential for finding the best shipping option.
• Precise planning and understanding cost components can optimize overall shipping expenses.

Car shipping costs are influenced by multiple factors such as the distance between the pickup and delivery locations, the type of shipping method used, and the vehicle’s weight and dimensions. Each of these cost determinants plays a critical role in the final price and must be evaluated carefully before choosing a shipping option.

Distance is arguably the most significant factor in car shipping expenses. Longer journeys incur higher fuel costs, increased labor hours, and greater overall mileage, which adds to the cost. Additionally, the shipping method—such as open transport versus enclosed transport—also significantly impacts pricing. Open transport generally costs less due to its common availability and capacity to transport multiple vehicles simultaneously, whereas enclosed transport offers more protection and therefore commands a premium price. For example, shipping a luxury car may require enclosed transport to avoid road debris and weather damage, pushing the cost up by 20% to 30% compared to open transport. Real-world data suggest that as distance increases by every additional 100 miles, shipping fees may increase incrementally by 5% to 8%. Carriers also consider whether routes pass through urban areas with heavy traffic or require detours, adding to the travel time and expense. Consequently, when planning your shipment, it is crucial to obtain detailed estimates that reflect both the miles traveled and the service type required.

Vehicle size and weight directly influence the shipping cost because heavier and larger vehicles require more space and fuel. For instance, a pickup truck or SUV generally costs more to ship than a compact sedan due to the additional physical weight and volume, which translates to increased handling and fuel expenses. Carriers often charge based on the weight per mile; vehicles heavier than 4,000 pounds might incur a surcharge. Furthermore, taller vehicles may require special clearances or handling that further elevates the cost. Data from auto transport services indicate that vehicles weighing above average could raise the base price by 10% to 15%, depending on the specific circumstances. Therefore, knowing your vehicle’s dimensions and weight is essential when requesting shipping quotes from service providers or using auto shipping cost calculators online.

Seasonal demand and geographical location also influence cost variations in shipping. During peak moving seasons, typically the summer months, demand for car shipping services increases, which often results in higher prices due to economic principles of supply and demand. Similarly, shipping vehicles from or to remote or less populated areas may lead to additional fees due to longer carrier routes, less frequent pickups, or even return trip charges. For instance, transporting a vehicle from a major urban center like New York City to a rural location in Kentucky might include a surcharge for low-density routes. Additionally, weather conditions during winter, such as heavy snow or ice, can complicate scheduling and safety, which might further elevate costs. Car shipping companies account for these factors by adjusting their pricing models accordingly. For customers, understanding how seasonal trends and specific location challenges affect pricing can lead to more strategic scheduling and possible cost savings by avoiding peak periods or negotiating better rates in less busy times.

DIY car shipping involves managing the entire transportation process on your own rather than relying on a professional service. This method requires careful planning, including renting or purchasing necessary equipment, such as a trailer, and scheduling your transportation details. By taking control, you may potentially save money typically charged as service fees by auto transport companies; however, the DIY approach brings its own set of responsibilities, hidden costs, and risks.

The DIY car shipping process starts with preparing your vehicle for transport, which includes conducting a thorough inspection and documenting any existing damages. Next comes the rental of a suitable trailer or towing equipment, which must be compatible with your vehicle’s weight and dimensions. After securing the trailer, you need to plan your route considering factors like mileage, road conditions, and potential rest stops. Additionally, scheduling a safe pickup and drop-off time is crucial. During the transport process, the driver must be vigilant about fuel costs, maintenance, and possible delays. Each step must be meticulously managed, which requires significant time and personal investment. Importantly, the DIY method demands that you maintain proper insurance coverage for both your vehicle and the transport method, and any mistakes can result in high repair or liability costs.

Renting a trailer or opting for towing on your own involves several expense factors. Rental costs for trailers can vary considerably based on size, type (open vs. enclosed), and duration of the rental period. For instance, trailer rental for a mid-sized sedan typically ranges from $100 to $300 per day. Moreover, towing fees and fuel costs add to the total expenditure. Estimates suggest that the fuel cost for towing can increase by 20% to 30% compared to normal driving. In addition, vehicle maintenance before and after towing must be considered, as towing can put extra strain on mechanical components. For some DIY shippers, purchasing a trailer might be a long-term investment if shipping vehicles frequently, but this upfront cost should be weighed against recurring rental fees and potential depreciation. Thus, a detailed evaluation of these costs is essential to determine if DIY shipping will indeed be less expensive than using a professional carrier.

While DIY car shipping might seem cost-effective initially, several hidden costs and risks can accrue unexpectedly. For instance, if improper towing equipment is used, it may result in vehicle damage, leading to costly repairs. Additionally, inexperience in handling long-distance travel with a trailer increases the risk of accidents or breakdowns. Insurance coverage for DIY shipping often differs from that provided by professional carriers; hence, you might be underinsured in case of mishaps. Furthermore, the time commitment and stress involved in managing every logistic detail can detract from the anticipated savings. In some cases, delays due to unforeseen road conditions or mechanical issues can extend the journey time, thereby negating any cost benefits. A comprehensive risk assessment, including consultation with insurance experts and experienced DIY shippers, is crucial before deciding to handle shipping independently. This careful evaluation helps determine whether the potential savings outweigh the increased responsibilities and associated risks.

Professional car shipping companies use specific pricing models based on various measurable criteria. These models consider factors such as distance, vehicle type, current fuel costs, and the shipping method required. Companies like Ship a Car, Inc. employ sophisticated algorithms that take into account live data and market trends to generate accurate cost estimates. Their fee calculation process also integrates additional charges for insurance coverage and offers price transparency features that allow customers to understand exactly what they are paying for.

Carriers typically use one of several pricing models. The most common is the flat rate pricing model, where a fixed fee is set based on predetermined variables such as state-to-state distances and vehicle size. Some companies also use a per-mile pricing model, where the cost is directly proportional to the total miles traveled. In addition, surge pricing may be applied during high-demand seasons or in regions with limited carrier availability. Advanced auto transport cost calculators incorporate these models, offering an instantaneous estimate after inputting key details like origin, destination, and vehicle specifications. Transparency in these pricing models is essential; many professional companies now provide a detailed breakdown of each cost component, including base rate, fuel surcharge, and any additional fees. This method ensures that customers are fully aware of the factors affecting the overall quote.

Insurance plays an integral role in the pricing structure of professional car shipping services. Given that the safety and protection of the vehicle during transport are paramount, carriers include comprehensive insurance coverage as part of their pricing packages. This coverage protects against potential damage during loading, transit, and unloading. The cost of insurance can vary, but it is typically built into the final quote as a percentage of the vehicle’s value or as a flat fee. For instance, high-value vehicles such as luxury cars or classic vehicles may incur a higher insurance fee due to their increased replacement cost. In contrast, standard sedans generally have lower insurance costs. The inclusion of insurance not only provides peace of mind to the customer but also contributes to the credibility and reliability of the service offering. When comparing quotes from different companies, it is essential to ensure that the quote includes comprehensive insurance coverage to avoid unexpected expenses due to uncovered damage.

Many professional carriers offer discounts and transparent pricing structures to attract a wider customer base. For example, early booking discounts, seasonal promotions, and volume discounts for multiple vehicle shipments are common. Additionally, some companies offer price matches or instant online quotes, where you can compare the cost immediately using an auto shipping cost calculator. Transparency is further enhanced by providing detailed line items in the final quote, which include surcharges, fuel costs, and any additional fees. This allows customers to understand which factors are driving the cost. As a result, customers can make informed decisions by selecting carriers that offer not only competitive pricing but also comprehensive services. For many, the guarantee of full disclosure and the availability of discounts adds significant value to the professional service, making it a preferred option over DIY methods despite the higher upfront cost.

Determining whether professional car shipping services or DIY shipping is more cost-effective hinges on the evaluation of various direct and hidden costs. While DIY shipping might offer lower upfront expenses, professional services provide reliability, safety, and comprehensive coverage that often justify the higher cost. The choice between the two depends on individual circumstances, including the vehicle’s value, the distance to be covered, and the willingness to manage logistical complexities.

Professional car shipping services typically charge between $600 and $1,500 for interstate moves, depending heavily on factors like vehicle size and shipping distance. In contrast, DIY shipping costs, which largely depend on trailer rental fees, fuel costs, and any additional labor or maintenance expenses, may range from $400 to $1,200. However, it is important to factor in hidden costs with DIY shipping; potential delays, vehicle wear and tear, and the risk of improper handling can increase the total expense. When comparing these ranges, professional shipping services might appear more expensive, but they also include insurance, professional handling, and customer service, which mitigate the risks that come with a DIY approach. Depending on the specific scenario—such as the need for timely delivery and insurance protection—professional services often can prove more cost-effective when all variables are considered.

Time, convenience, and safety are critical factors that can tilt the balance in favor of professional car shipping services. Professional carriers handle all logistical aspects, which saves considerable time for customers who might otherwise need to manage scheduling, route planning, and equipment rental on their own. Furthermore, the convenience of having a dedicated team monitor the shipment process, manage insurance claims, and provide real-time tracking is invaluable, especially for individuals with busy schedules or businesses with tight deadlines. Safety is another paramount concern; professional services minimize the risk of damage during transit by using well-maintained carriers and employing trained personnel for loading and unloading. In contrast, DIY shipping might save money upfront but requires significant time investment and exposes the shipper to potentially higher risks and stress. This trade-off is essential for decision-making, where the benefits of reduced risk, convenience, and efficiency often justify the higher price of professional services.

DIY shipping can be a viable financial choice in situations where the shipping distance is short and the individual has experience with towing and equipment handling. Additionally, if there is access to discounted trailer rentals or if the vehicle in question is not of extraordinarily high value, the cost savings can be significant. For instance, a person relocating locally who owns a pickup truck might find that assembling a DIY shipping plan allows them to avoid premium fees and manage the process according to their schedule. Moreover, if the shippers have the means to handle any unexpected issues, such as minor repairs or delays, the DIY method may prove more economical. However, it is crucial to weigh these potential savings against hidden costs such as increased fuel consumption and the risk of damage. Thus, while DIY shipping may appeal from a pure cost perspective, it is most appropriate for those with the necessary expertise and infrastructure to manage all aspects of the move without compromising safety.

Professional vehicle shipping services are the preferred choice for most individuals and businesses, particularly when shipping long distances, high-value vehicles, or when requiring a guaranteed delivery timeframe. For those lacking the time, expertise, or resources to handle DIY shipping, professional services offer a hassle-free experience. The added benefits of comprehensive insurance, expert handling, and a track record of reliability make professional carriers the safer and more convenient option. This is especially important for customers shipping luxury or classic cars, which demand advanced care during transit. With fixed pricing models, transparent cost breakdowns, and the potential for discounts through volume or early booking, professional services ultimately offer a well-rounded value proposition. In practical terms, when the need for security, reliability, and minimal personal involvement is paramount, opting for professional car shipping ensures peace of mind that the vehicle will arrive safely and on time.

Online car shipping cost calculators are powerful tools that allow users to obtain quick estimates by inputting key variables such as the pick-up location, destination, vehicle type, and shipping method. These calculators are designed to simplify the comparison process by providing transparent estimates that reflect current market conditions and carrier pricing models. Leveraging these tools helps shippers avoid hidden fees and ensures that they get competitive quotes from multiple carriers. Auto transport calculators use algorithms that incorporate real-time data such as fuel prices, mileage, and insurance requirements. As such, they not only deliver an estimated cost but also highlight the contributing factors, making it easier for customers to decide if the quote is fair or requires further negotiation. Using these calculators, customers can effectively narrow down their choices by comparing the cost implications of professional services versus DIY shipping.

The primary inputs for a car shipping cost calculator include the zip codes for the pick-up and delivery locations, the make and model of the vehicle, and the preferred shipping method (open or enclosed transport). Additional information such as the estimated shipping date, vehicle weight, and any special handling requirements further refine the accuracy of the estimate. It is crucial that these details are provided accurately in order to obtain a reliable quote—any ambiguity or incorrect input may lead to a significant variance in the estimate. Many online calculators also request details regarding the vehicle’s condition and any additional services required, such as expedited shipping, which helps tailor the final quote to match your specific needs. Therefore, thorough preparation and precise data entry play a vital role in receiving an accurate cost estimate for your auto transport.

Online car shipping cost calculators provide a reasonable estimate based on the current market rates and data submitted by the user. However, while these tools are highly beneficial in giving a ballpark figure, the final price may vary due to factors such as last-minute route changes, additional handling fees, or fluctuations in fuel prices. Typically, the calculators are designed to be 85% to 95% accurate, offering a reliable starting point for cost comparisons. It is still recommended to follow up with direct quotes from professional carriers for a detailed, binding price. Nevertheless, these estimates are invaluable for budgeting purposes and allow customers to shortlist carriers based on predicted costs without the need to individually negotiate with every shipping provider.

By comparing multiple shipping quotes using online cost calculators, customers gain the ability to recognize any significant discrepancies in pricing and identify the most cost-effective option. This process not only saves time but also provides a competitive overview that can be leveraged during negotiations with carriers. When multiple quotes are evaluated side-by-side, it becomes clear which carriers offer the best value in terms of price transparency, service inclusions, and additional perks such as insurance coverage. This competitive approach drives down costs by ensuring that shippers do not overpay for auto transport services. Ultimately, a well-informed decision, backed by multiple real-time quotes, results in tangible cost savings while also enhancing the overall shipping experience by providing options that best match the customer’s specific needs.

Comparing DIY shipping to professional car shipping requires a careful analysis of both risks and benefits. DIY shipping might reduce upfront monetary expenses, but it introduces higher risks associated with personal handling, potential damage, and unforeseen logistical complications. Professional car shipping services, while generally more expensive, offer significant benefits in reliability, comprehensive insurance, and customer support that minimize the probability of costly errors. The decision ultimately depends on balancing these risk factors with your personal capacity to complete the shipping process safely and efficiently.

When opting for DIY shipping, several risks come into play. First, there is the risk related to improper towing equipment that could damage the vehicle or cause an accident. Additionally, without professional experience, route planning mistakes or miscalculations in fuel consumption can lead to delays or increased expenses. Inadequate insurance coverage poses another significant risk, as personal insurance might not fully cover damage or loss during transport. Furthermore, the potential for unexpected mechanical issues increases during DIY shipments, and these issues could incur repair costs that far exceed the initial savings. The time commitment and associated stress can also negatively impact the overall shipping experience, making it a less attractive option for those without adequate expertise.

Professional car shipping companies mitigate risks through rigorous standards and well-established protocols. They employ experienced drivers, maintain a fleet of well-serviced carriers, and incorporate comprehensive insurance policies that protect the vehicle against damage during transit. These companies also use advanced tracking systems, real-time updates, and structured pricing models that include contingencies for potential delays. Moreover, professional services adhere to industry safety regulations and best practices, ensuring that every step of the process—from loading to unloading—is handled with the utmost care. This systematic approach provides customers with peace of mind, knowing that their vehicle is in the hands of trained professionals who prioritize safety and reliability over cost minimization.

Another critical difference between DIY and professional car shipping is the level of customer support available. Professional services offer comprehensive support systems, including dedicated transport coordinators who guide you from initial inquiry to final delivery. These coordinators manage scheduling, handle insurance claims, and provide real-time tracking, ensuring any concerns are immediately addressed. In contrast, DIY shipping requires you to operate independently, with support limited mostly to troubleshooting via rental companies or roadside assistance services. With professional services, you benefit from established customer service protocols, including chat, phone, and email support, which greatly reduce anxiety and ensure a smoother process throughout the shipment period.

Saving money on car shipping involves strategic planning and informed decisions regarding the method and timing of vehicle transport. Whether opting for professional shipping services or tackling DIY shipping, there are multiple techniques to lower overall costs. These include scheduling shipments during off-peak seasons, comparing multiple quotes using online auto transport calculators, and taking advantage of discounts offered by carriers. Additionally, understanding and negotiating the cost components can significantly reduce unnecessary fees, ensuring you pay only for necessary services. In both professional and DIY shipping, the key lies in identifying which services and add-ons are essential versus those that unnecessarily inflate the cost.

For those choosing professional shipping, several practical tips can help lower costs without sacrificing service quality. First, booking early can lock in competitive rates before demand surges, especially during peak moving seasons. Secondly, obtaining multiple quotes and using cost calculators to compare offers can reveal the most cost-effective option available. It is also advantageous to remain flexible with pickup and delivery dates as slight adjustments can yield significant savings. Additionally, consider consolidating shipments if you are shipping more than one vehicle, as group discounts may be available. Finally, be sure to inquire about any available promotions, loyalty discounts, or seasonal deals offered by reputable shipping companies, as these can further reduce the final cost.

DIY shipping expenses can be minimized by careful planning and resource management. Securing rental equipment at discounted rates, optimizing routes to reduce fuel consumption, and maintaining your vehicle’s condition before and after transit are key strategies to reduce overall costs. Additionally, partnering with trusted rental services and leveraging online reviews to ensure you are using well-maintained equipment can help avoid costly mishaps. Another useful approach is to merge multiple trips if possible, thereby reducing per-mile costs, and ensuring that you have the correct insurance coverage to avoid unexpected out-of-pocket expenses. By taking these steps, DIY shippers can potentially lower costs to a competitive level while maintaining a safe and efficient transport process.

Paying a premium for professional car shipping services is often worth it when reliability, safety, and convenience are of paramount importance. This is especially true for high-value or classic vehicles that require careful handling and comprehensive insurance coverage. Additionally, if the shipment involves long distances, tight delivery schedules, or challenging routes, the assurance of expert logistics and dedicated customer support can save both time and potential repair or damage expenses later on. In these scenarios, the higher cost is justified by the reduced risk and the efficiency of the overall service. Professional services not only provide a seamless one-call solution but also mitigate risks that could otherwise result in significantly higher repair costs or delays if managed independently.

The table above outlines the key differences between DIY shipping and professional shipping services. DIY shipping, while potentially less expensive, carries significant risks such as inadequate insurance and higher personal time investment. In contrast, professional shipping, though more expensive, provides comprehensive support, lower risk, and greater reliability—all of which are critical factors for many shippers.

In conclusion, the decision between professional car shipping services and DIY shipping hinges on a careful assessment of cost, risk, and convenience. While DIY shipping can provide upfront savings, the hidden costs, risk of damage, and additional time commitment frequently tip the balance in favor of professional services. The comprehensive benefits offered by companies like Ship a Car, such as advanced insurance coverage, expert handling, and customer support, ensure a safer and more reliable transport process. By utilizing online cost calculators and comparing multiple quotes, shippers can make well-informed decisions that best match their individual needs and circumstances.

Q: What are the key factors that influence car shipping costs? A: Car shipping costs are primarily influenced by factors such as distance, vehicle dimensions and weight, shipping method (open vs. enclosed – how to select the right car shipping method), seasonal demand, and geographical location. Additionally, fuel costs, labor charges, and insurance fees play significant roles in determining the overall price. Knowing these factors can help shippers plan and budget more effectively.

Q: How does using a car shipping cost calculator help in saving money? A: A car shipping cost calculator allows customers to input specific details such as the pick-up and drop-off locations, vehicle type, and shipping method to generate an accurate price estimate. This tool provides a transparent breakdown of costs, helping shippers compare multiple quotes and choose the most cost-effective option without any hidden fees, ultimately ensuring they get the best value for their money.

Q: Are professional car shipping services worth the extra cost compared to DIY shipping? A: Yes, professional car shipping services are generally worth the additional cost because they include comprehensive insurance, expert handling, and dedicated customer support. These services mitigate risks such as damage during transit, delays, and hidden expenses that can occur with DIY shipping. For high-value vehicles or long-distance moves, the reliability and safety provided by professionals are indispensable.

Q: What hidden costs should be considered when planning DIY car shipping? A: When planning DIY car shipping, hidden costs may include trailer rental fees, increased fuel consumption, potential maintenance or repair expenses due to towing, and the time commitment required to manage the entire process. Additionally, if an accident or damage occurs, the lack of comprehensive insurance coverage can result in high out-of-pocket repair costs, nullifying any initial savings.

Q: How can shippers reduce costs when opting for professional shipping services? A: Shippers can reduce costs by booking shipments during off-peak times, comparing multiple quotes using an online cost calculator, and taking advantage of available discounts or promotional offers. Additionally, flexible pickup and delivery dates, as well as consolidating shipments for multiple vehicles, can help lower the overall cost. It is essential to review the detailed cost breakdown provided by professional carriers to identify potential savings without compromising service quality.

Q: What should I consider when choosing between open and enclosed transport for my vehicle? A: The decision between open and enclosed transport depends on your vehicle’s value and your priority on protection versus cost. Open transport is typically less expensive and suitable for standard vehicles, while enclosed transport offers superior protection from weather and road debris and is recommended for luxury or classic vehicles. Assessing the risk factors and value of the vehicle will ensure you choose the most appropriate option.

Q: Is it safe to ship my car during extreme weather conditions, and how does it affect cost? A: Shipping a car during extreme weather conditions, such as heavy snow or rain, can increase costs due to potential delays and additional safety measures required by carriers. Professional services usually have protocols to ensure safety during adverse weather, but it may result in higher fees. It is best to consult with the shipping provider and possibly adjust the shipping schedule to avoid severe weather, thereby minimizing both risk and extra costs.

Professional car shipping services and DIY shipping options each offer distinct advantages and disadvantages that must be weighed according to personal needs, safety considerations, and budget constraints. While DIY shipping can seem cost-effective on paper, the risks of improper handling, hidden fees, and increased wear and tear often make professional services the wiser investment, particularly for high-value or long-distance shipments. By utilizing online cost calculators and carefully comparing quotes, shippers can achieve the optimal balance of cost and safety. Ultimately, making an informed decision based on comprehensive knowledge not only minimizes financial risk but also ensures the secure and timely delivery of your vehicle.

When it comes to moving your vehicle safely, reliably, and cost-effectively, Ship A Car, Inc. stands out as the clear choice. While DIY shipping might seem cheaper at first glance, the hidden costs—fuel, trailer rentals, mechanical risks, and time lost—can quickly outweigh any perceived savings. Ship A Car, Inc. simplifies the process by offering fully insured transport, expert handling, and transparent pricing that removes the guesswork and eliminates surprise fees. With real-time tracking, professional support from start to finish, and a proven reputation built over more than a decade, you gain peace of mind knowing your car is in trusted hands. Don’t take unnecessary risks—call (866) 821-4555 today for a custom quote or use our online auto transport calculator for a fast, hassle-free price estimate.

*All data and car shipping rates found in this article are accurate at time of publication and subject to change.